中国粮食生产时空演变规律与耕地可持续利用研究     

郑亚楠  张凤荣  谢臻  张天柱  李超  王秀丽 《世界地理研究》2019,28(6):120-131

随着全球粮食贸易格局的日益紧张，如何利用有限的耕地资源保证中国粮食安全成为新阶段的难题。本文从耕地可持续利用视角提出粮食稳产、增产策略，以期为粮食安全、耕地保护等国家战略提供理论支撑。基于1985—2015年中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）统计数据，以农业生态区为基本单元，采用比较分析法和GIS空间分析法，对中国粮食生产时空演变及其影响因素进行规律性探究。研究结果表明：（1）中国粮食产量呈“波动-上升”的趋势，但长江中下游区、江南和华南区粮食增长率较低，甚至出现减产现象。（2）中国粮食产量主产区逐渐由长江中下游区、江南和华南区向东北区、黄淮海区转移。（3）中国粮食生产的影响因素呈现阶段性和区域性规律。例如，东北区、西北区粮食生产主要受粮食单产、耕地面积等影响；黄淮海区、内蒙古高原和黄土高原区、云贵高原和横断山区主要受粮食单产影响。（4）中国各区耕地存在不同类型和不同程度的耕地非持续问题，在西北区、内蒙古高原和黄土高原等生态脆弱区域较严重。  相似文献   

Modelling the spatial dynamics of Mainland China-born migrants in Australia     

Siqin Wang  Thomas Sigler  Jonathan Corcoran  Yan Liu 《The Australian geographer》2019,50(2):201-219

Over the past two decades, migration from Mainland China (MC) to Australia has become increasingly significant. In contrast to previous migrant waves, post-2000 MC-born migrants in Australia are more likely to be highly skilled and/or financially independent, and often migrate under skilled, business and investment visa programs. Though scholarship has explored various facets of MC-born migrants’ settlement in Australian cities, the spatial dynamics of settlement, and change over time associated with these shifts in socio-economic profile, have remained unexplored. This paper draws on three census periods, and employs a local indicator of spatial autocorrelation together with a geographically weighted regression. We conclude that the settlement patterns of MC-born migrants in Australia do not follow the ‘straight-line’ assumptions of spatial assimilation theory, nor are they tied explicitly to socio-economic factors in the majority of capital cities. Instead, the settlement patterns of MC-born migrants vary by city: Sydney and Melbourne display the most spatially segmented settlement patterns; while Adelaide and Perth exhibit increasing levels of concentration as the number of MC-born migrants grows. Results indicate that while MC-born migrants are somewhat likely to cluster at the early stage of group formation, within-group spatial patterns are articulated by social attributes as the group grows in size and significance in a metropolitan context.  相似文献   

Study of isotopic seasonality to assess the water source of proglacial stream in Chhota Shigri Glaciated Basin,Western Himalaya     

Naveen Kumar  Alagappan Ramanathan  Aman Arora  Mohd Soheb  Arindan Mandal  Parmanand Sharma  Shyam Ranjan 《水文研究》2020,34(5):1285-1300

The impact of surface melt patterns and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is examined on the varying contributions of end member (snow, glacier ice, and rain) to proglacial streamflow during the ablation period (June–October) in the Chhota Shigri glaciated basin, Western Himalaya. Isotopic seasonality observed in the catchment precipitation was generally reflected in surface runoff (supraglacial melt and proglacial stream) and shows a shift in major water source during the melt season. Isotopically correlated (δ¹⁸O–δD) high deuterium intercept in the surface runoff suggests that westerly precipitation acts as the dominant source, augmenting the other snow- and ice-melt sources in the region. The endmember contributions to the proglacial stream were quantified using a three-component mixing. Overall, glacier ice melt is the major source of proglacial discharge. Snowmelt is the predominant source during the early ablation season (June) and the peak ISM period (August and September), whereas ice melt reaches a maximum in the peak melt period (July). The monthly contribution of rain is on the lower side and shows a steady rise and decline with onset and retreat of the monsoon. These results are persistent with the surface melt pattern observed in Chhota Shigri glacier, Upper Chandra basin. Moreover, the role of the ISM in Chhota Shigri glacier is unvarying to that observed in other glacierized catchments of Upper Ganga basin. Thus, this study augments the significant role of the ISM in glacier mass balance up to the boundary of the central-western Himalayan glaciated region.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯草原沙漠交错区生态系统健康评价——以十大孔兑为例     

白雪莲  王理想  季树新  陈正新  常学礼 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):187-194

生态系统健康是生态学在景观和区域尺度的主要研究领域，应用RS技术判读生态系统格局变化是生态系统健康评价有效手段。十大孔兑地处中国草原沙漠交错区，受到的干扰较多，生态系统健康状况在中国生态交错区具有代表性。基于生态系统（土地利用）格局和相应生态系统服务价值当量应用RS和GIS技术评价了十大孔兑地区不同地理类型区生态系统健康状况。结果表明：（1）十大孔兑生态系统以健康区为主，面积为686 925.72 hm²，占总面积64.66%；研究区南部（草原区）、中部（沙漠区）和北部（平原区）健康区比例都大于50%。（2）健康区最大斑块指数（LPI）总体为62.47%，从北到南分别为22.42%、65.04%、66.25%；平均欧几里得距离（ENN_MN）总体为526.51 m，从北到南分别为293.47、287.14、298.09 m。（3）健康区在十大孔兑以集中连片团聚结构为绝对优势，尤其是南部和中部表现明显，但是北部团聚性较南部和中部弱；良好区和恶化区呈现为低频率离散分布，北部较南部和中部良好区分布频率更高、更聚集，南部较中部和北部恶化区分布频率更低、更离散；较好区和较差区呈现高频率离散分布。  相似文献   

天山北坡经济带“三生空间”发展格局 与智能水网体系建设          下载免费PDF全文

邓铭江 《干旱区地理》2020,43(5):1155-1168

天山北坡经济带是新疆生产力集中度较高，现代工业、农业、交通信息、教育科技等较为发达的区域，是国家丝绸之路经济带建设的核心区，对新疆经济社会发展具有重要的带动和辐射作用，国内生产总值均占全疆 53%以上，工业增加值占全疆 67%，城镇化率 68.9%，远高于全疆 42.1%的平均水平，然而水资源却仅占11%。为破解资源性缺水困境而实施的“两河调水”工程正在陆续建成发挥效益,如何优化配置原水与客水、高水与低水、地表水与地下水等各种水源，统筹协调区域、城乡、兵地、产业、经济社会与生态环境等各种需求，已成为亟待研究决策的重大现实问题。通过分析天北带水资源可利用量、生态环境需水量、水资源开发利用现状及存在问题，结合调水工程新增水量，提出了水资源优化配置的原则、贯彻新时期“十六字”治水思路和“五大”发展理念的实践路径与综合调控措施，主要学术观点和结论为：（1）结合“两河调水”工程，在天山北坡建设东西连通的输水大通道，将由南向北流的逐条河流交叉连接起来，形成一个南北交汇，东西贯通，覆盖整个区域的“大水网”，实现全域水源优化配置。（2）按照“以水定地，以水定产，以水定城，适水发展”的原则，强化国土空间管控，按照“生产空间集约高效，生活空间宜居适度，生态空间自然和谐”为原则，优化“三生空间”发展格局。（3）打破旱区弱水资源承载力、高生态胁迫压力、低经济发展能力的桎梏，从水资源—经济社会—生态环境三个维度，科学把控“大水网”建设和水利发展定位，合理配置“三生用水”，耦合协调“三生关系”,实现生态保护和高质量发展。（4）面向未来和新基建工程的喷涌发展，建设水物理网、水信息网、水管理网“三网合一”的智能水网势在必行，代表智慧水利的发展方向，也是当代水利科技前沿。  相似文献   

Optimal lake-marsh pattern determination in lake-marsh systems based on the eco-hydrological processes management     

Wuxia Bi  Baisha Weng  Denghua Yan  Meng Li  Zhilei Yu  Lin Wang  Hao Wang 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5260-5277

The major hydrological factors in lake-marsh systems are water level (depth), water surface area, and water volume. The key index for determining the lake-marsh pattern is water level, which leads to the variation of lake-marsh patterns under natural hydrological alternations. In addition, the vegetation structure also affects the lake-marsh pattern. With socioeconomic development and climate change, the ‘land use’ and ‘water use’ competitions appear more seriously between a lake-marsh system and its surrounding socioeconomic system, also inside the lake-marsh system. The possible optimal lake-marsh pattern could solve the contradictions mentioned above. As few studies focus on this issue, this study proposed an optimal lake-marsh pattern determination method with eco-hydrological management on relieving the land use and water use competitions. The optimal lake-marsh pattern determination method considers the protection objects (water depth demands), water supply (precipitation, surface water, and groundwater), and water demand (especially evapotranspiration) in the system at annual and monthly scales. Calculation and analysis were performed for the optimal pattern of the Wolonghu Wetlands as an example. The results mainly showed that the lake-marsh pattern of the Wolonghu Wetlands cannot be achieved on meeting both the maximum ecological services values and minimum water shortage amount under present natural condition. With artificial regulation measures, the possible optimal annual lake-marsh patterns can be obtained based on both ecological and hydrological objectives, with the area ratio of lake and marsh in the range of 0.650:0.350 and 0.726:0.274, the corresponding water level of lake body was of 86.85 to 87.0 m. This study could provide references for the Wolonghu Wetlands management, also for similar lake-marsh systems and other ecological systems.  相似文献   

中国省级要素市场扭曲程度的时空格局及影响因素     

孙湘湘  周小亮 《地理科学》2020,40(2):182-189

基于超越对数函数对2000~2015年中国30个省份要素市场扭曲程度进行测算,分析要素市场扭曲的空间格局和演化进程,并利用空间计量模型分析影响要素市场扭曲的因素。研究表明：① 中国要素市场存在扭曲现象且总体呈现缓解趋势。从区域分布看,高要素市场扭曲程度的地区集中在西部地区,中等要素市场扭曲在中部地区,而低要素市场扭曲程度分布在东部地区及东北地区。② 中国要素市场扭曲有显著的空间自相关性,Moran指数呈现波动减小趋势,要素市场扭曲邻近地区的集聚效果有所减弱。③ 对影响要素市场扭曲的因素分析发现,城镇化、财政分权、外商直接投资和基础设施建设改善要素市场扭曲;国有经济占比加剧要素市场扭曲。  相似文献   

新疆天山自然遗产地景观格局动态演化及其生态健康评价          下载免费PDF全文

韩鑫  刘传胜  胡江玲  王心源  骆磊  赵颜创  李丽  冀欣阳  晏慧  王玥 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):195-205

喀拉峻-库尔德宁区域是新疆天山自然遗产地的重要组成部分，其生态健康状况将影响该自然遗产地的突出普遍价值。目前从景观生态学角度，通过景观格局动态演化过程反映自然遗产地生态健康研究较少。本研究以喀拉峻-库尔德宁区域为例，基于多源遥感影像，提取景观信息进行定性与定量分析，并结合景观格局指数，从景观动态特征、类型水平和景观水平分析景观格局演化特征，评价景观健康状况，形成自然遗产地景观数据的获取方法，探索景观格局与生态过程的关系，为相关研究提供借鉴。结果显示：裸地增加，冰雪、针阔混交林等景观减少；类型水平上，针阔混交林受人为干扰严重，中和低覆盖度草地呈破碎化；景观水平上，景观聚集度、连通性、分形状况稳定，景观多样性提升后维持稳定；总体景观生态健康，突出普遍价值（OUV）维持稳定，但对针阔混交林需要进行重点保护。结果可为研究区综合管理和生态健康分析提供有效数据。  相似文献   

光滑表面内孤立波光学遥感图像的实验研究     

梅源  王晶  黄松松  牟海迪  陈旭 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(6):124-131

基于光学遥感图像的内孤立波参数反演是一项重要的工作。本文在实验室条件下提出一种新方法用于模拟光滑表面情况下内孤立波的光学遥感成像。基于二维内波水槽、LED平板面光源和CCD相机搭建仿真光学遥感系统探测内孤立波。水平表面的光学遥感图像和垂向内孤立波传播图像被同时探测，旨在探讨在光滑表面下，光学遥感与内孤立波的响应。结果表明，内孤立波传播经过时，CCD1相机获得暗纹，暗纹的特性随光源入射角的变化而变化。光学遥感特征参数和垂向波要素相对应。实验还显示光学遥感图像的暗纹宽度与内孤立波的半波宽度在不同内孤立波振幅下呈现正相关关系。该系统有着现象清晰，重复性高的优点，为定量研究光学遥感成像机理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

基于网络空间点模式的餐饮店空间格局分析     

曾璇  崔海山  刘毅华 《地球信息科学学报》2018,20(6):837-843

餐饮业是城市经济发展的重要指标,运用合适的方法来研究城市餐饮业的空间格局特征,对城市规划、商业选址和经济发展等具有重要意义。本文以广州市海珠区为例,基于餐饮店POI（兴趣点）数据,利用核密度估计法分析餐饮店的空间分布特性,采用网络核密度法探究其热点路段的分布情况,并利用网络双变量K函数法,分析餐饮店分布与公交站和居民小区的相关性。结果表明：海珠区餐饮店总体分布呈现“西密东疏”的空间格局,具有多中心的空间分布特征;江南中街道餐饮店分布的热点路段主要集中在江南西路和江南大道中沿线,其密度随着与该沿线的距离增加而衰减;在较小范围内,餐饮店的分布与公交站具有显著的聚集关系,而与居民小区不具有显著的聚集关系。对于沿道路分布的空间地理点对象,利用网络空间点模式分析可得到较好结果。  相似文献